Science Toybox

#006Laws & Language

🔥 Laws of Thermodynamics — arrows of time

Energy is conserved (1st law). Entropy increases (2nd law). Absolute zero is unreachable (3rd law). Order leaks into disorder — time has a direction.

Entropy pulse
Click to pause/play entropy drift
Interpretation: energy never disappears, but becomes less usable. The universe keeps the bill by increasing entropy.

🌌 Relativity — E = m c² & time dilation

Slide the velocity. Closer to c → higher energy equivalent and stronger time dilation (γ).

γ = 1.00 E = m c² (rest)
Time bends so c stays constant
γ = 1/√(1−β²) • E_total = γ m c² • Δt' = γ Δt

💨 Ideal Gas Law — P V = n R T

Move the piston or heat the gas. Particles speed up with temperature; pressure follows PV=nRT.

Elastic particles • pressure from wall momentum
n=1.0, R=1.0 → P = nRT / V = ? • V = ?

Tip: higher T → faster particles → more hits on the wall → higher P. Reset reseeds particles if you compress/expand a lot.

🪶 Polish Orthography — fill in the blanks

Choose between u/ó, rz/ż, h/ch. Short dictation with gaps to practice. (For Hania & Basia 💙)

Dzisiaj w szkole mieliśmy krótkie dyktando. Na tablicy pojawił się przykładów. Trzeba było odróżnić od i wpisać poprawne litery. Na końcu dostaliśmy pyszną .
Click “Check” to see your score • Hania & Basia: you’ve got this! 🌟
Score: /

We focus on three pairs: u/ó, rz/ż, h/ch. Short, friendly exercises help build intuition.